How to create a panoramic picture using photo stitching

Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal

Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal - This panorama was made out of 4 pictures taken in horizontal position with a Canon Powershot G10 - F-stop: f/4 - speed 1/500s - ISO 80 - Software: Adobe Photoshop CS3

The technique of “photo stitching” has been around a while, and was used even in traditional or analogue photography, albeit in a crude way. In the past, photos were stitched together using transparent tape.  Today, in the digital world, computers do the work, but the idea is still the same.  The technique consists of taking several overlapping pictures and editing them with computer software (known as post processing) to obtain a single panorama covering up to 360 degrees. Some compact cameras have an integrated feature which achieves the same effect without the need for post-processing.  But in order to achieve the highest quality, you often need to do it yourself.

Settings and environment

Always remember to overlap every picture by a reasonable amount, typically about 25% each side of the image.

Overlapping in photo stitching

Remember to overlap consecutive photos of about 25%

It’s important to keep in mind that when taking photos with a view to photo stitching, to operate the camera in manual mode. This includes using a fixed focal distance (the sharpest results would be with a prime lens), using a fixed focal point and exposure.  Light conditions and distance to the subject can vary greatly when rotating the camera. As a result, using an automatic setting would create visible differences at the borders of each image, making it harder to stitch the individual images together.

Val Sarentino

Val Sarentino, Italy: in this 360° panoramic work, borders are slightly visible because of a not perfect outdoor shooting - This panorama is made out of 11 photos taken with a Canon Digital Ixus IIs in horizontal position - F-stop: f/7.1 - Speed: variable - Software - Adobe Photoshop CS3

However, relying on the camera’s manual settings is sometimes not enough depending upon the environment and weather.  Sunsets and sunrises, or when the sky turns suddenly from cloudy to sunny are typical examples where you need to do a bit more work on the images to produce a seamless panorama.

In terms of composition, before starting to shoot a panorama, it’s a good idea to carry out a test by rotating the camera in a circle without releasing the shutter. By doing this, it is possible to ensure that all elements of the scene will be included when actually shooting the panorama. If elements of the scene are being lost, the solution is to take photos with the camera in a vertical position.  This results in a higher number of pictures and proportionally higher surface area where the images overlap. Another approach is to shoot two or more rows of pictures to stitch together.

San Sebastian

San Sebastian, Spain: using automatic settings, the exposure is going to be different in each shot, showing the border in consecutive photos - This panorama was made out of 4 pictures taken in horizontal position with a Sony DSC P-73 - F-stop: f/5.6 - variable speed - ISO 100 - Software: Ulead Cool 360°

San Sebastian bay

San Sebastian, Spain: using manual settings in another set of pictures, the same panorama is visible seamless - This panorama was made out of 3 pictures taken in horizontal position with a Sony DSC P-73 - F-stop: f/5.6 - 1/320 - ISO 100 - Software: Ulead Cool 360°

Optical center and parallax error

But around which point should the camera be rotated? The quickest approach would be to spin around on your feet, but this isn’t the smartest way.  Technically, the optical centre would be within the lens itself, so rotating the camera around this point would be preferred.  Failure to do this would result in what is called a parallax error, i.e. an apparent shift of foreground objects against a background between 2 consecutive shots.  This produces a ghost effect of the same object in two consecutive pictures.

Ghosts in photo stitching

Some ghosts are visible because of the parallax error.

Using a tripod

But to do a professional job, you have to use a tripod with brackets and sliders. Ideally you would move the position of the tripod screw to the optical centre of the scene (in the lens) rather than directly below the sensor (which is most common). If you don’t have brackets or sliders, rotating around the standard tripod screw hole is better than just rotating around your feet.
Also remember that the pivot point changes with focal length, focusing distance and aperture, so these settings should be determined every time a change is made.

If despite all the precautions listed above and something still isn’t working out perfectly, success can still be yours by using dedicated software.  It is possible to adjust exposure levels, remove ghosting and carry out perspective correction either automatically or manually using most decent post processing applications such as Adobe Photoshop.  In order to get the maximum flexibility when post processing, take your pictures in RAW mode if possible.

Landscape from Poon Hill, Himalaya

View from Poon Hill, Himalaya: to don't cut the top of the mountain from the panorama, I decided to give a curved shape to the top border: Be creative! This panorama was made out of 10 pictures taken in vertical position with a Canon Powershot G10 - F-stop: f/3.5 - speed 1/125s - ISO 80 - Software: Adobe Photoshop CS3 - Original lenght: over 20 000 pixels

Jaisalmer Fort, India

Jaisalmer Fort, India - This panorama was made out of 3 pictures taken in horizontal position with a Canon Powershot G10 - F-stop: f/8 - speed 4s - ISO 100 - Software: Adobe Photoshop CS3

Tromso, Norway

View of Tromsø, Norway - This panorama was made out of 4 pictures taken in horizontal position with a Pentax K7 - Pentax smc DA 18-55 mm f/3.5-5.6 AL WR - 32mm - F-stop: f/5 - speed 1/1600s - ISO 100 - Software: Adobe Photoshop CS3 - Tripod: Cullmann Nanomax 250 CW25

 

Canon EOS 1DS video review

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Find out the current cheapest Canon 1DS price

This is a video review of the original Canon EOS 1DS (Mark 1) professional SLR camera. Launched in 2003, the 1DS has been around a long time now, and a number of it’s capabilities have been surpassed by more recent cameras. However, if you’re looking for a full frame digital SLR at a reasonable price, the Canon EOS 1DS is certainly an option. Watch our video review to find out more.

Sample photos

The photos below are unedited, straight out of the camera, and they were taken with a Canon 17-40mm F4L lens.

Getting Started in the Photography Industry

Triptic by Anthony Feinman

With today’s economy, getting into any field is challenging regardless if you have a college degree or not. In just the span of five years, the job market’s been flooded with employees with a lot of the same skill sets. This makes finding a creative career a challenge. So, how can one break into the Photography Industry? Whether you’re an amateur or have just graduated from high school or college/university, here are some key ideas on how to get started working as a Photographer and hopefully continuing on to steady work.

Freelance for your local newspaper

If you’re passionate for Photography but have never shot in a professional setting, my first suggestion is to contact your local weekly/daily newspaper. Most newspapers are willing to take on photographers on a first time basis. However, don’t expect assignments like Peter Parker. In many cases, newspapers don’t have enough staff to always cover all their events and need help. A lot of times most reporters have to not only cover their stories but also shoot the same events. Not all reporters are keen to this idea and would rather not have to deal with the technical side of camera work. I should also mention at this point that there is generally not much of a salary for this position. A lot of these positions are non-paying and are only filled as intern positions. In some cases, you can get paid amounts of five to ten dollars per shot. It just depends on the publication. This is a good start in testing out your basic photo journalistic skills and whether you have the eye for composing a good shot. Plus, it’s also a good test on how well you are at getting into the action and dealing with the general public.

Apprentice with an established Photographer

My next suggestion is intern with an established Photographer in your area. Most photographers love having assistants to help take care of what they consider “menial” tasks such as carrying equipment, helping clients on poses, and the day-to-day office work. Though this might sound more like an office position, watching a “professional” work their magic is the best way to get hands on experience and be in the thick of things. This allows you to experience each step-by-step process of how a photographer attains potential clients, how and what they charge for expenses, how a particular shot is set up, and how post-production is done after a photo shoot is completed.

Study in a school setting

If you’re a teen and your school offers Photography as a course, TAKE IT! It’s generally an easy course, a lot of fun, and you get art credit for something you will enjoy. This will also be beneficial if you plan on studying photography in college/university to have a portfolio already established. Most departments at higher education institutes require you to “audition” by sending a portfolio before being accepted in a particular field of study. Another major plus is if you don’t own any kind of high end camera at all, as a student, you will have access to ANY camera you can think of whether it’s a basic SLR, a large format or a high end digital twenty thousand dollar Mamiya. Schools are great because they have these items available for students to practice their craft. As a student, you have access to these items as part of your tuition. Having access to free stuff is always a plus when you’re a student. It also means you can be working as a professional while you’re still studying and establish a client base before graduating.

Working for an established company

There are many companies that have events nationwide that need to be covered and they are always looking for freelance photographers in specific areas surrounding their clients. The events they cover range from: grade/junior high/ high school portraits, portrait shoots for graduations, and citywide marathons. An added bonus is the fact that most of these companies supply you with their own equipment so that you don’t have to go out and spend a fortune to start working for them. In my own free time, I freelance for one such company. Most of the time companies list their need for photographers through want ads in daily newspapers or online classified such as Craigslist. Each single event can pay forty dollars on up for as little as four hours work with expenses paid. It should be noted that a lot of times, you only have steady work for one to two months out of the year especially when shooting graduations. But, if you are willing to travel nationally, you can make upwards to one to two thousand dollars a month for eight to ten days work. This gives you an opportunity to bank some extra coin to stock away for an upcoming vacation or Christmas shopping.

Set up your own studio

Last but not least, have you ever thought about setting up your own studio? It’s a lot easier than you might think to start. The best part is you also don’t have to spend a lot of money if you don’t want to. I personally know a lot of freelance photographers that have their own “studios” via renting equipment for certain events. This way they don’t have to spend twenty grand for a Mamiya or other high standard device and are still able to advertise being able to produce high quality photos.

Now with all these suggestions, the most important part to remember is to NEVER STOP TAKING PICTURES! You may not be able to afford a Canon MARK IV or Mamiya, but any good photographer can still get a nice shot using an eighty to hundred fifty-dollar Canon PowerShot camera. So, if you’re thinking about getting your foot into Photography, try these simple ideas to get started. You never know where a simple freelance job could lead you. It may land you a job you never thought possible in your wildest aspirations.

Photojournalistic shot at Obama Rally 2008 by Anthony Feinman